Properties and Role of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Paenibacillus alvei NRC14 for Cell Protection
Keywords:
Exopolysaccharides, Paenibacillus alvei, Abiotic stress, Biofilm, Flocculation, Aminosugars
Abstract
The interest in polysaccharides produced by microorganisms has increased considerably in recent years, as
they are candidates for many commercial applications in different industrial sectors. In this study,
exopolysaccharides produced by the bacterial strain Paenibacillus alvei NRC14, under normal and abiotic
stress conditions, was investigated. The strain was found to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) possess
different characteristics such as the sugar content and flocculating properties. The EPS production was 3.2
g/L under stress conditions. The chemical analyses indicated that it is a glycoprotein composed of
polysaccharide (85%) and protein (12%).The molecular weight of the EPSs from strain NRC14 were 7.6 x
105 and 5.4 x 106 Da under the normal and acidic pH, respectively. The flocculation activity of EPSs ranged
from 95 to 97.8 % in less than 48 hrs of growth. Under normal conditions, the produced EPSs have shown
to consist of aminosugars and has good flocculating activity, whereas the EPSs were greatly affected with
the abiotic stress conditions. FTIR spectrometry of the EPSs indicated presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and
amino functional groups which are the principles for the flocculating properties.
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References
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6: 103-110.
Liang, T. and Wang S. (2015): Recent Advances in Exopolysaccharides from Paenibacillus spp.:
Production, Isolation, Structure, and Bioactivities. Mar. Drugs, 13: 1847-1863.
Kumar, P., Khare, S. and Dubey, R. (2012): Diversity of bacilli from disease suppressive soil and their role
in plant growth promotion and yield enhancement. New York Sci. J., 5: 90-111.
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by a novel strain, Bacillus alveiNRC-14: 3. Synthesis of a bioflocculant that has chitosan like structure.
Life Sci. J., 8: 883-890.
Shih, L.,Van, Y., Ych, L., Lin, H. and Chang, Y. (2001): Production of biopolymer flocculant from Bacillus
licheniformis and its flocculation properties. Biores. Technol., 78: 267-272.
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flocculating substance(s) by Streptomyces griseus. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 60: 498–500.
Zhang, C., Cui, Y. and Wang Y. (2013): Bioflocculants produced by Gram-positive Bacillus xn12 and
Streptomyces xn17 for swine wastewater application. Chem. Biochem. Eng., 27: 245–250.
Su, X., Shen, X., Ding, L. and Yokota, A. (2011): Study on the flocculability of the Arthrobacter sp., an
actinomycete resuscitated from the VBNC state. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., doi:10.1997/s11274-011-
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Mabinya, V., Cosa, S., Nwodo, U. and Okoh A. (2012): Studies on bioflocculant production by
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13: 1054–1065.
Nwodoa U.U., Agunbiade M.O., Green E., Nwamadi N., Rumbold K., Okoh, A. I. (2013): Characterization
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Chemother., doi:10.1093/jac/dks196.
Cosa, S., Ugbenyen, M., Mabinya, L. and Okoh I. (2013): Characterization of a thermostable
polysaccharide bioflocculant produced by Virgibacillus species isolated from Algoa Bay. African J.
Microbiol. Res., 7: 2925-2938.
Nwodo, U., Agunbiade, M., Green, E., Mabinya, L. and Okoh A. (2012): A Freshwater Streptomyces,
isolated from Tyume River, produces a predominantly extracellular glycoprotein bioflocculant. Int. J. Mol.
Sci., 13: 8679-8695.
Abdel-Aziz, SH., Mouafi, F. and Keera, A. (2013): Amazing abiotic stress response of a novel train Bacillus
alvei NRC-14 isolated from Egyptian soil. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 3: 299-309.
Michaels, A. (1954): Aggregation of suspensions by polyelectrolytes. Industrial Eng. Chem., 46: 1485.
Deng, S., Bai, R., Hu, x. and Luo,Q. (2003): Characteristics of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus
mucilaginosus and its use in starch wastewater treatment. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 60: 588-593.
Todd, M. (2010): Polyelectrolyte flocculation of grain stillage for improved clarification and water recovery
within bioethanol production facilities. Biores. Technol., 101: 2280-2286.
Abdel-Aziz, SM. and Mouafi, E. (2005): Production and Some Properties of an Extracellular Biopolymer
Flocculant Produced by the Novel Bacillus alvei. New Egyptian Journal of Microbiology, 10: 169-183
Aguilera, M., Quesada, M., del Águila, V., Morillo, J., Rivadeneyra, M., Ramos-Cormenzana, A.,
Monteoliva-Sánchez, M. (2008): Characterisation of Paenibacillus jamilae strains that produce
exopolysaccharide during growth on and detoxification of olive mill wastewaters. Bioresour. Technol.,
99: 5640–5644.
Liang, T., Wu, C., Cheng, W., Chen, Y., Wang, C., Wang, I. and Wang, S. (2014): Exopolysaccharides
and antimicrobial biosurfactants produced by Paenibacillus macerans TKU029. Appl. Biochem.
Biotechnol., 172: 933–950.
Raza, W., Makeen, K., Wang, Y., Xu, Y. and Qirong, S. (2011): Optimization, purification,
characterization and antioxidant activity of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Paenibacillus
polymyxa SQR-21. Bioresour. Technol., 102, 6095–6103.
Wang, C., Huang, T., Liang, T., Fang, C. and Wang, S. (2011): Production and characterization of
exopolysaccharides and antioxidant from Paenibacillus sp.TKU023. N. Biotechnol., 28: 559–565.
Rafigh, S., Yazdi, A., Vossoughi, M., Safekordi, A. and Ardjmand, M. (2014): Optimization of culture
medium and modeling of curdlan production from Paenibacillus polymyxa by RSM and ANN. Int. J.
Biol. Macromol., 70: 463–473.
Jung, H., Hong, J., Park, S., Park, B., Nam, D. and Kim, S. (2007): Production and physicochemical
characterization of β-glucan produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115. Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng.,
12, 713–719.
Yin, Y., Tian, Z., Tang, W., Li, L., Song, L. and McElmurry, S. (2014): Production and characterization of
high efficiency bioflocculant isolated from Klebsiella sp. ZZ-3 Bioresour. Technol., 171, 336–342.
Luo, Z., Chen, L., Chen, C., Zhang, W., Liu, M., Han, Y. and Zhou, J. (2014): Production and characteristics
of a bioflocculant by Klebsiella pneumonia YZ-6 Isolated from human saliva. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.,
172: 1282–1292.
Freitas, F., Alves, V., Pais, J., Costa, N., Oliveira, C., Mafra, L., Hillious, L., Oliveira, R., Reis, M. (2009):
Characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by a Pseudomonas strain grown on glycerol.
Biores. Technol., 100: 859–865.
Nie, M., Yin, X., Jia, J., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Shen, Q., Li, P. and Wang, Z. (2011): Production of a novel
bioflocculant MNXY1 by Klebsiella pneumoniae strain NY1 and application in precipitation of
cyanobacteria and municipal wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Microbiol., 111: 547–558.
Zheng, Y.; Ye, Z.-L.; Fang, X.-L.; Li, Y.-H.; Cai, W.-M. Production and characteristics of a bioflocculant
produced by Bacillus sp. F19. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 7686–7691.
Wan, C., Zhao, X., Guo, S., Alam, M. and Bai, F. (2013): Bioflocculant production from Solibacillus
silvestris W01 and its application in cost-effective harvest of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica
by flocculation. Bioresour. Technol., 135: 207–212.
Verma, A., Dash, R. and Bhunia, P. (2012): review on chemical coagulation/fiocculation technologies for
removal of colour from textile wastewaters. J. Environ. Manag., 93: 154–168.
Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 187–209.
Sutherland, IW. (2001): The biofilm matrix: an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment. Trends
Microbiol., 9: 222–227.
Campbell, A. (2002): The potential role of aluminium in Alzheimer’s disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 17
[Suppl 2]: 17–20.
Nwodo, U., Green, E., Mabinya, L., Okaiyeto, K., Rumbold, K., Obi, C. and Okoh, A. (2014):
Bioflocculant production by a consortium of Streptomyces and Cellulomonas species and media
optimization via surface response model. Coll. Surf. B Biointerfaces, 116: 257–264.
Azmi, M., Norli, I., Farehah, Z., Ishak S., Siti M. and Azieda A. (2015): Crude and Pure Bioflocculants
Produced from Bacillus subtillis for Low Concentration of Copper (Cu2+) Removal. Iranica Energ. Env.,
6: 103-110.
Liang, T. and Wang S. (2015): Recent Advances in Exopolysaccharides from Paenibacillus spp.:
Production, Isolation, Structure, and Bioactivities. Mar. Drugs, 13: 1847-1863.
Kumar, P., Khare, S. and Dubey, R. (2012): Diversity of bacilli from disease suppressive soil and their role
in plant growth promotion and yield enhancement. New York Sci. J., 5: 90-111.
Abdel-Aziz, SM., Hamed, H., Mouafi F. and Abdelwahed, N. (2011): Extracellular metabolites produced
by a novel strain, Bacillus alveiNRC-14: 3. Synthesis of a bioflocculant that has chitosan like structure.
Life Sci. J., 8: 883-890.
Shih, L.,Van, Y., Ych, L., Lin, H. and Chang, Y. (2001): Production of biopolymer flocculant from Bacillus
licheniformis and its flocculation properties. Biores. Technol., 78: 267-272.
Chaplin, M. and Kennedy, J. (1986): Carbohydrate analysis. IRL Press, Washington, DC, pp. 2-5.
Lowry, O. Hosenbrough, N., Farr, A. and Randall, R. (1951): Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol
reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951; 193: 265-275.
Il'ina, A.,Varlamov,V., Melent, A. and Aktuganov, G. (2001): Depolymerization of chitosan with the
chitinolytic complex from bacteria of the genus Bacillus sp.739. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol., 37: 160-163.
Kurane, R., Takeda, K. and Suzuki, T. (1986): Screening for and characteristics of microbial flocculants.
Agr. Biol. Chem., 50: 2301-2307.
Salehizadeh, H. and shojaosadati, S. (2001): Extracelullar biopolymeric flocculants. Resent trends and
biotechnological importance. Biotechnol. Adv., 19: 371-385.
Shimofuruya, H., Koide, A., Shirota, K., Tsuji, T., Nakamura, M. and Suzuki, J. (1996): The production of
flocculating substance(s) by Streptomyces griseus. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 60: 498–500.
Zhang, C., Cui, Y. and Wang Y. (2013): Bioflocculants produced by Gram-positive Bacillus xn12 and
Streptomyces xn17 for swine wastewater application. Chem. Biochem. Eng., 27: 245–250.
Su, X., Shen, X., Ding, L. and Yokota, A. (2011): Study on the flocculability of the Arthrobacter sp., an
actinomycete resuscitated from the VBNC state. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., doi:10.1997/s11274-011-
0795-2.
Mabinya, V., Cosa, S., Nwodo, U. and Okoh A. (2012): Studies on bioflocculant production by
Arthrobacter sp. Raats, a freshwater bacteria isolated from Tyume River, South Africa. Int. J. Mol. Sci.,
13: 1054–1065.
Nwodoa U.U., Agunbiade M.O., Green E., Nwamadi N., Rumbold K., Okoh, A. I. (2013): Characterization
of an exopolymeric flocculant produced by a Brachybacterium sp. Materials, 6: 1237-1254.
Wu, J. and Ye, H. (2007): Characterization and flocculating properties of an extracellular biopolymer
produced from a Bacillus subtillis DYU1 isolate. Process Biochem., 42: 1114–1123.
Okaiyeto K, Uchechukwu, Nwodo U., Mabinya, L., Okoli A. and Okoh, A. (2015): Characterization of a
Bioflocculant (MBF-UFH) Produced by Bacillus sp. AEMREG7. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 12986-13003.
Paramita, B. and Irvin, N. (2011): Role of Heat Shock in Survival of Escherichia Coli and its Small Colony
Variant IH3 against Acid Stress.Intr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 6: 21-31.
Poole, K. (2012): Bacterial stress responses as determinants of antimicrobial resistance. J. Antimicrob.
Chemother., doi:10.1093/jac/dks196.
Cosa, S., Ugbenyen, M., Mabinya, L. and Okoh I. (2013): Characterization of a thermostable
polysaccharide bioflocculant produced by Virgibacillus species isolated from Algoa Bay. African J.
Microbiol. Res., 7: 2925-2938.
Nwodo, U., Agunbiade, M., Green, E., Mabinya, L. and Okoh A. (2012): A Freshwater Streptomyces,
isolated from Tyume River, produces a predominantly extracellular glycoprotein bioflocculant. Int. J. Mol.
Sci., 13: 8679-8695.
Abdel-Aziz, SH., Mouafi, F. and Keera, A. (2013): Amazing abiotic stress response of a novel train Bacillus
alvei NRC-14 isolated from Egyptian soil. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 3: 299-309.
Michaels, A. (1954): Aggregation of suspensions by polyelectrolytes. Industrial Eng. Chem., 46: 1485.
Deng, S., Bai, R., Hu, x. and Luo,Q. (2003): Characteristics of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus
mucilaginosus and its use in starch wastewater treatment. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 60: 588-593.
Todd, M. (2010): Polyelectrolyte flocculation of grain stillage for improved clarification and water recovery
within bioethanol production facilities. Biores. Technol., 101: 2280-2286.
Abdel-Aziz, SM. and Mouafi, E. (2005): Production and Some Properties of an Extracellular Biopolymer
Flocculant Produced by the Novel Bacillus alvei. New Egyptian Journal of Microbiology, 10: 169-183
Aguilera, M., Quesada, M., del Águila, V., Morillo, J., Rivadeneyra, M., Ramos-Cormenzana, A.,
Monteoliva-Sánchez, M. (2008): Characterisation of Paenibacillus jamilae strains that produce
exopolysaccharide during growth on and detoxification of olive mill wastewaters. Bioresour. Technol.,
99: 5640–5644.
Liang, T., Wu, C., Cheng, W., Chen, Y., Wang, C., Wang, I. and Wang, S. (2014): Exopolysaccharides
and antimicrobial biosurfactants produced by Paenibacillus macerans TKU029. Appl. Biochem.
Biotechnol., 172: 933–950.
Raza, W., Makeen, K., Wang, Y., Xu, Y. and Qirong, S. (2011): Optimization, purification,
characterization and antioxidant activity of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Paenibacillus
polymyxa SQR-21. Bioresour. Technol., 102, 6095–6103.
Wang, C., Huang, T., Liang, T., Fang, C. and Wang, S. (2011): Production and characterization of
exopolysaccharides and antioxidant from Paenibacillus sp.TKU023. N. Biotechnol., 28: 559–565.
Rafigh, S., Yazdi, A., Vossoughi, M., Safekordi, A. and Ardjmand, M. (2014): Optimization of culture
medium and modeling of curdlan production from Paenibacillus polymyxa by RSM and ANN. Int. J.
Biol. Macromol., 70: 463–473.
Jung, H., Hong, J., Park, S., Park, B., Nam, D. and Kim, S. (2007): Production and physicochemical
characterization of β-glucan produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115. Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng.,
12, 713–719.
Yin, Y., Tian, Z., Tang, W., Li, L., Song, L. and McElmurry, S. (2014): Production and characterization of
high efficiency bioflocculant isolated from Klebsiella sp. ZZ-3 Bioresour. Technol., 171, 336–342.
Luo, Z., Chen, L., Chen, C., Zhang, W., Liu, M., Han, Y. and Zhou, J. (2014): Production and characteristics
of a bioflocculant by Klebsiella pneumonia YZ-6 Isolated from human saliva. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.,
172: 1282–1292.
Freitas, F., Alves, V., Pais, J., Costa, N., Oliveira, C., Mafra, L., Hillious, L., Oliveira, R., Reis, M. (2009):
Characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by a Pseudomonas strain grown on glycerol.
Biores. Technol., 100: 859–865.
Nie, M., Yin, X., Jia, J., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Shen, Q., Li, P. and Wang, Z. (2011): Production of a novel
bioflocculant MNXY1 by Klebsiella pneumoniae strain NY1 and application in precipitation of
cyanobacteria and municipal wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Microbiol., 111: 547–558.
Zheng, Y.; Ye, Z.-L.; Fang, X.-L.; Li, Y.-H.; Cai, W.-M. Production and characteristics of a bioflocculant
produced by Bacillus sp. F19. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 7686–7691.
Wan, C., Zhao, X., Guo, S., Alam, M. and Bai, F. (2013): Bioflocculant production from Solibacillus
silvestris W01 and its application in cost-effective harvest of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica
by flocculation. Bioresour. Technol., 135: 207–212.
Verma, A., Dash, R. and Bhunia, P. (2012): review on chemical coagulation/fiocculation technologies for
removal of colour from textile wastewaters. J. Environ. Manag., 93: 154–168.
Published
2015-12-31
How to Cite
Abdel-Aziz, S. M., Hamed, H. A., Fadel, M., & Moharam, M. E. (2015). Properties and Role of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Paenibacillus alvei NRC14 for Cell Protection. IJRDO-Journal of Applied Science, 1(8), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.53555/as.v1i8.2344
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